Paper 2 #2

Darius Hickey

11/19/09

Period E

Failures of the League of Nations and attempts at collective security were in fact the main causes of World War II. To what extent do you agree?

The claim that the failures of the League of Nations were in some way responsible for the outbreak of WWII can be largely dismissed. Alternatively it can be asserted that both poor economic conditions and the creation and rise of Fascism were to blame for the beginning of WWII.

Germany had suffered major economic problems prior to WWII as a result of the inclusion of massive reparations in the Treaty of Versailles. Having to pay both Britain and France a combined total of 6.6 billion pounds, all while having the most economically prosperous areas of Germany under French control proved to be a strain too large for Germany to handle. Steps were taken to reduce Germany’s debt, such as the Young Plan, which  reduced the total debt from 6.6 billion, to 2 billion pounds. While the Young Plan did help quite a bit, the most important plan enacted was the Dawes Plan in 1924. The Dawes Plan aimed to remove foreign troops from the Ruhr, along with ensuring a loan of 800 million marks to Germany from the United States. 

The passing of the Dawes Plan ushered in a period of economic prosperity in Germany for 5 years, until the United States, and subsequent World stock market collapse in 1929. The collapse of the stock market caused German inflation rates to sky-rocket. Overnight many Germans lost their entire life-savings, and unemployment and food shortages were common. Hitler used the sense of desperation in people as a way to gain power and influence. 

When Fascism was created in Italy in 1922 under the regime of Benito Mussolini, it served as a combination of totalitarianism and militarism. Fascist ideas soon reached Germany, and combined with promises of a return to former German glory, soon became the fundamental ideology behind Nazism. The glorification of the military caused a rush of weapons and soldiers to be formed in both Germany and Italy. With both countries armed and willing to go to war, it can be seen that war was in fact inevitable. Regardless of any sort of international interference, either positive or negative, from the League of Nations, Germany was hellbent on war, and its subsequent territorial gain. 

Some may argue that it was the failure of the League of Nations’ attempts at keeping peace that led to the outbreak of war, however when both Italy and Germany withdrew from the League in 1933, along with countries such as the United States and Russia not even being members of the League, it can be seen that the League of Nations and its members had not either demonstrated or believed in its own peace-keeping abilities, and as such didn’t even serve as a legitimate anti-war organization. 

HW 4

Dawes Plan (1924): 

A) U.S. loan to Germany for 800 million gold marks

B) Germany's Gustav Stressman makes deal with Dawes

C) France withdraws troop from the Ruhr.

D) German economy starts to recover.

E) Starts period of prosperity 1924-1929

Locarno Treaty: The idea that collective security will work

A) Series of agreements between France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, Belgium

B) Germany, France, and Belgium promise to respect each other's borders.

Germany refused to guarantee the Polish border

France promises to help Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany attacks; Great Britain didn't make the same promise.

Kellog-Briand Pact of 1928

A) 65 nations renounce war as an instrument of National Policy

B) Useless agreement because there was no power to enforce it; no mention of sanctions.

HW 3

The source is especially valuable because it gives both the tactics of Hitler and Stalin, which it valuable because during the war, neither size would have been able to gain access to this information. The source is limited in the sense that because so much time has passed, and the source isn't first hand, much information could have been lost. The general historical account was the Russian winter, so much of the tactical plans by both armies may have been lost.

HW 2

1.) Hitler's blitzkrieg managed to destroy the better part of the Soviet air force within the first 5 days.
2.) The great Purge was a mass rounding up and execution of high ranking Soviet military leaders, under the guise of them being "foreign agents".
3.) More officers and commanders were lost during the Great Purge than during 4 years of Nazi fighting.
4.) Stalin needed complete control over the Soviet Union and the Great Purge served as a way to get the Soviet people's attention away from the incoming Nazi troops
5+6.) Stalin was convinced that Britain was encouraging Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, so Stalin sought anything to make a peace treaty with Hitler, allowing Germany to move West, biding the USSR more time to mobilize troops.
7.) Stalin agreed to split Poland with Hitler, taking the Eastern half, while Hitler got the Western part.
8.) Stalin suffered from a nervous breakdown when Hitler attacked because he was so caught off guard.
9.) Hitler greatly under estimated the Russian winter and did not supply his troops correctly
10.) Stalin and all of the USSR was victorious merely because of the vast size of the Russian territory.

HW 23

A.) The ship is most likely headed to either Italy or the Canary Islands. All the people on board were members of the Nazi party and had elected to take the trip. It cost about 2 weeks wages, or about 28 marks to travel. The Nazis needed to make people feel as if the war was going well, so more leisure ships were built. The picture is meant to entice others into signing up to travel.
B.) The joke implies that the Volkswagen factories were making weapons instead of cars. The German people trusted the government, but were not completely blind as to what was really happening.

A.) Propaganda is the use of images in order to change one's opinion. A rally is a mass gathering of people, usually to hear someone speak. Censorship is the banning of certain media based on the message it carries.
B.) The second joke would be the only one allowed seeing as the other portray Hitler as being power-hungry or savage. The second joke describes Hitler's gain in lebensraum, which was to be encouraged.
C.) Goebbels banned anything that was even remotely anti-Nazi, ranging from books, to newspaper articles. Newspaper writers had to be approved by the local Nazi governemt before being allowed into publication.

HW 13

3 Conditions: Reparations; Treaty of Versailles; Anti-Semitism

     The reparations were put into place shortly after the Treaty of Versailles was signed. The reparations and the hyperinflation that followed caused the value of the deutschmark to decrease to almost nothing. Children would make toys out of the bills, they were worth so little. Soon, Germany wasn't able to pay back its reparations.
     The Treaty of Versailles included a clause that removed most of Germany's armed forces, causing many career soldiers to lose their jobs. This created dissent and many of the soldiers and their families blamed the Weimar Republic.
     Anti-Semitism was on the rise because a few of the officials who signed the treaty were Jewish and extreme nationalists blamed Jews for all the problems facing Germany.

HW 22

A.) The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage encouraged couples to have large families by allowing them to keep a loan of 1000 reichmarks, which was about 9 months pay at the time.
B.) The doctor wants to marry the ideal Nazi woman. Someone who was healthy, young, and pure.
The doctor wanted to marry the young woman not only for the financial gain, but because though the propaganda he was told that this was the only type of woman he should marry. As long as the future wife didn't have money, she would be completely reliant upon the doctor. The doctor had a very good chance at finding a wife this way due to how wide spread the propaganda was. The ad would not be allowed in a modern paper due to it's intense misogyny.
C.) The Nazi ideal was that Germans would worship the state as a deity in and of itself. The Bible was banned because Hitler had realized that the church was one of the few things powerful enough to over through the Reich, despite Hitler's own thoughts that he was doing God's work.

HW 21

A.) Hitler realized that  the youth are not only the most impressionable and easily susceptible to propaganda, but that they were also the future of the Reich in terms of future soldiers and future political officers.
B.) The math problem has racial undertones not to mention obvious connotations of war. Modern math books tend to not mention violence and are geared to be more multiculturally accepting. The goal of the problem was to indoctrinate children into thinking war was just another part of life, simple enough to casually mention in a math book.
C.) 23/6/1934

I was awoken this morning to the shouting of my commander telling us to get outside. We did our basic half and hour of exercise. We then marched the 2 km to the stream to wash up. We were all looking forward to breakfast, but before we could get ready and dressed to eat, we were told that we were going on a hike and we only had one ration pack to last us all day. About 20 km into the 50 km hike, I decided it was a good time to eat. The last 30 km seemed the most difficult but we reached the campsite not long before dark had set in.
~Hans

HW 28

Hoss can be considered evil because of the fact that he was full aware of the atrocities committed at Auschwitz and did nothing to stop them. Not only did Hoss not try to stop the torture and outright genocide occurring at Auschwitz, but he developed way to make it more efficient in terms of the number of people that could be killed at once. Hitler's propaganda was so deep-seeded that it was able to convince normal people that Jews were in fact not human beings and could be killed or tortured with no moral repercussions. Hoss considered his actions to be fine seeing as they both fit with his indoctrinated mind and coincided with the orders from his commanders.

HW 27

A.) Hitler promised the German colonists a vast increase in wealth and even promised them large houses. German colonists would have been eager to give their support to Hitler after all he promised them.
B.) Foreign workers had to: work until their German employer said so; face abuse at the hands of German employers; Abortions were encouraged.

Foreign workers couldn't: had the right to complain; visit churches; attend theatres; receive vaccinations; get anything past a basic education.

The German army treated their foreign workers so badly because they blamed them for all the terrible conditions that effected Germany after WWI. They not only saw both the Slavs and the Jews as something barely above a human level, but the Germans were so convinced by Hitler's propaganda that they were the most perfect race, that they saw their actions as just.
C.) Hitler intended to destroy the capitol city of Russia, through use of aerial bombing and artillery attacks. Hitler chose to destroy Leningrad because it was the largest city in the USSR and symbolized the creation of the Soviet Union, which is why it was named after Lenin.

HW 26

A.) Dear Josef,
           You need not worry, I am fine- for the moment. As I'm sure you've read, the Germans have come into Austria. They are swiftly taking control of all political offices. They are forcing all the Juden to clear the streets with brushes. We had asked for help from both Britain and France, but neither of them came to help. We are being invaded and all our cries for help fall on deaf ears! Are we merely supposed to stand by as all our livelihoods are endangered?! If they wont stand up for us, i fear no one will...

- Franz

B.) The Nazi-Soviet pact was an agreement between Germany and the Soviet union and called for a peace treaty. The agreement had a secret clause calling for Poland to be split in half, with the Eastern half given to the Soviet Union and the Western half given to Germany. Many people were surprised to hear of the agreement seeing as one of Hitler's biggest enemies was the communists, making the alliance with the Soviet Union unlikely and strange.

HW 25

A.) Rearmament was Hitler's orders to increase the German army from 100,000 to 300,000 men. Remilitarization was Hitler's occupation of the Rhineland, the area previously taken away by the Treaty of Versailles. Anschluss was the union between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
B.) In 1934, Hitler put his rearmament policy into effect, increasing the size of the army from 100,000 to 300,000. The navy was to build six submarines and two battleships, along with the creation of an air force.
In 1935, Hitler openly called for a raft along with a new goal of boosting the army to 550,000. In 1936, Hitler marched forces into the Rhineland, which went against the Treaty of Versailles. In 1938, Hitler's Anschluss with Austria-Hungary went against the clause in the Treaty of Versailles prohibiting Germany from being allied with any other countries.

HW 16: Legal and Illegal Methods

Hitler used both legal and illegal methods to gain power in 1933. Hitler was able to legally use propaganda to his advantage by setting up groups such as the Hitler youth, in order to indoctrinate children. Hitler also put laws into affect, thus making his seizure of the printed media, legal. Newspapers had to report to Nazi officials in order for them to still operate. Anyone who refused to follow Nazi regulations was shut down. Hitler's use of force in these matters could be considered illegal, the outright slaughtering of mass groups of people was the largest, most illegal part of the entire regime. Anyone who joined a rival political party was immediately put on a list to be removed by the Gestapo and SS. These people were then shipped into concentration camps. The majority of Hitler's methods were legal until he began to have influence in pre-Nazi German politics.

Paper 2 Essay

"Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single party state"


     While it can generally be agreed upon that Hitler was the most powerful and charismatic leader that Germany had ever seen, his failures in foreign policy undermined everything that he had successfully established domestically.
     Hitler was very capable of keeping order within the Reich through use of the SS, Gestapo, and enacting certain laws. The very moment Hitler had taken power, he began to enact laws of an anti-Semitic nature. Laws were created preventing Jews from owning and operation businesses. The Gestapo was in charge of finding Jews and forcing them to wear golden stars at all times. This was used as a way to make it more efficient to fill the concentration camps, as that anyone wearing a golden star, purple triangle (homosexuals), or brown triangle (gypsies), was rounded up and placed in the concentration camps. Hitler's implementation of the process forced the concentration camps to become so over run, that they had to be upgraded to outright death camps, such as Treblinka, where a gas chamber was installed that could accommodate 2000 people.
     Hitler's merging of the S.S. with the S.A. had a profound affect on those that weren't affiliated with the Nazis. The S.S. had a regular habit of using spies to gain information as to the activities of other groups. One was never completely sure as to whom one could trust in Nazi Germany. The Edelweiss Pirates were among the largest of the fringe opposition groups and gained a certain notoriety of being able to escape the S.S.. In 1944, Goering ordered a massive crackdown on all similar groups and as a result the leaders of the Edelweiss Pirates were hung.
     Hitler's invasion of the Sudetenland marked a change in goals for Hitler and his Reich. The idea of lebensraum, or living-space, was one of the central columns of Hitler's philosophy and his promise to gain it is what helped him get elected Chancellor. Hitler had surrounded himself with some of the best generals Germany had at the time, so one would assume foreign policy should have been well maintained; which it had been, until 1941.
     Hitler's first series of battles came with the invasion of France. Hitler had spent quite a bit of time and money rebuilding Germany's army, and as a result easily won. Hitler's first set back came when the Luftwaffe were not able to defeat RAF forces in what became known as the "Battle for Britain". This marked the end of Hitler's western expansion. When German troops invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941; Hitler had opened up what is known as a two-front war. Because of Germany's position in central Europe, her borders are extremely vulnerable. Historically, Germany has never been able to rally enough troops to sustain a two-front war and it has always led to her undoing. It was widely agreed upon that this reason was the main cause of Germany's loss in WWI, so it can be assumed that Hitler's generals were aware of the dangers of declaring war on the Soviet Union. The main reason as to why Hitler's foreign policy was so disastrous was Hitler's constant overriding of his generals orders and advice. Hitler thought himself to be the better military leader, even though he had very little if any tactical training or experience. These series of errors is exactly what allowed the Red Army to march into Germany and eventually take control of Berlin in 1945.
     Had Hitler been able to no open up a two-front war, it is quite possible that the Soviet invasion could have been stayed off long enough for Germany to secure the western border and relocate more troops towards the eastern front; possibly being able to turn the tide of the battles with the already ill-equipped Soviet troops. While Hitler was able to control Germany, his failure to be able to extend his domestic policies to include all the newly gained territory, is what ultimately led him to the failure of his ultimate goal of establishing a stable Nazi Reich in all of Europe.

Domestic Policy

Disillusion of other parties
Oppression of all those opposed
Manipulation of the legal system; Enabling Law
Extremism; Enabling Law
State comes first, over the civil rights of the people
Totalitarian Regime
Intellectualism was frowned upon. Unless you know how to build rockets.
Communism outlawed

Papers, please!
Order was established through both the SA and later the SS
Leisure programs were used to gain support by the common worker
Indoctrination of children by alteration of school system
Concentration of all Aryan peoples
Youth, Hitler.

Social Democrat Speech

Guten Tag, meine dames und herre, now you may be asking youselfs vhy you have been put in dis decision und vhy de kaiser hast failed you. Ve are at the dawn of eine new era, und der Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutchlands ist ready to lead de vay. Ve are still in shambles from der first Var, und change vill not come at vonce. Ve must honor der men und der noble sacrifice. Ve must ensure de verking man ist protected from de evil of greed und pover. Der Verking claas ist der backbone of de recovery of Deutchland und most be supported at alles cost! Now, mein countrymen und der countryvomen, der commaniezuspet vill hast you believe that eine radical revolution ist necessary, regardless of der human cost. I ask you, hast ve not seen enough bloodshed? Unlike how der flows of money in der bankishites hast run dry, unless ve act now, I fear der river of blood shall be reopened und der torrent of hate shall be undleashed.

I emplore you, meine dames une herre, make de right decision.

Downfall Notes (HW 5- HW 10)

Downfall (2005) is the first WWII movie, regarding the intimate side of Hitler, shot in German. All previous attempts at the same topic were banned by the German government. The movie was based off of first hand accounts from all the people in the bunker, in addition to certain accounts from the Nuremberg trials. The purpose of the movie was to capture the fall of Hitler in one single movie. Hitler had a team of advisors that he kept with him at all times, but didn't necessarily follow their advice. Hitler had little to no military experience, and ignored all the advice of his generals, thus adding to the conflict of the invading Soviet forces. The Hitler youth later began to hold an active role in the fighting, which was a shift from the usually twisted education/political-only orientation they usually held. Toward the end of the war, because the number of soldiers began to dwindle, girls began to be allowed to join the Hitler youth, which was previously strictly banned. Hitler believed that Germany hadn't lost WWI due to any sort of military loss, but rather that greedy Jewish businessmen and the democrats that signed the Treaty of Versailles had betrayed Germany. This became known as the "Stab in the Back" theory. Hitler used this to sway the minds of the people. The Soviet army got closer and closer to Berlin, most of Hitler's generals began to panic and urge him to leave. Hitler refused and became increasingly paranoid. Hitler greatly overestimated the number of troops he had and thought he would be saved at any moment. The Soviet army drew closer and closer and Hitler grew desperate enough and committed suicide along with his recently-wedded wife, Eva Braun. This signaled the end. Many generals wanted to surrender, but many others, even after Hitler's death were still following his orders to never give up. Frauline Goebbels decided that she would rather have killed her children then have them live in a world without Hitler's influence. The Soviet army reached the entrance to the bunker and many of the generals committed suicide, arguably not out of devotion to Hitler, but out of fear as to what the Soviet troops would do to prisoners of war. The Soviets were notorious for the brutality in which they kept their prisoners, and after such a long and bloody war, the fate of a high ranking German general was sealed. There were a few discrepancies in the film however. Most of the accounts from thing inside the bunker were taken from the notes of a Gen. Speer. This only offers a one-sided look into the accounts and the film does hint and him being more "good" than the other officials. The film is meant to chronicle the times of a Frau Traudl, as Hitler's newest secretary. The film fails to mention however, that Frau Traudl was a Nazi party member prior to working for Hitler, which is a stark contrast to how the film portrays her as a naive young woman who unknowingly accepts a job from Hitler. 

HW 4

The article from the Associated Press shares a few key themes with rise and rule of single-party state leaders. The article uses emotionally charged images, of the opening of a WWII memorial in Poland, to invoke people's sympathy. Such a tactic was used by Hitler to gain power prior to his election as Chancellor. Hitler manipulated the emotions of the people in the form on anti-Semitism in order to rally them behind his cause and make him seem like Germany's last saving grace. The article goes on to mention the methods of forced used in Germany's invasion of Poland. Death camps and artillery shelling we just a couple of the methods Hitler used when the invasion began. The rest of the article is hard to judge because no information is given as to the author of the article.