History ToK Questions

1. Why study history?

We study history in order to better understand how the relationship of cause and effect effects our lives. We use history to find patterns in what we did and how it changed our present environment.

 2. Is knowledge of the past ever certain?

Knowledge of the past is never certain. The very best we can hope for is a certainty of 99.9%, seeing as every piece of evidence has some degree of doubt associated with it. 

 3. Does the study of history widen our knowledge of human nature?

By studying history, we are able to see how and potentially why human beings act and react the way they do. So many variables are involved when trying to understand human behavior and an understanding of history is vastly important.

 4. Can history help in understanding the present or predicting the future?

History can be useful in predicting the future because if we understand patterns that formed in the past, we may be able to recognize patterns as they form. 

 5. To what extent does emotion play a role in an historian’s analysis? Is (historical) objectivity possible?

Emotions play a large role in how a historical event is portrayed. Emotions cloud judgement and skew the information both accepted and conveyed by the historian. 

 6. Why do accounts of the same historical event differ? Whose history do we study?

Historical events differ because of the differences in perception the historians have. Each will view the same event through slightly different means and thus interpret the event in different ways. 

 7. What determines how historians select evidence and describe/interpret or analyse events?

A historian selects evidence based upon preconceived notions that fit his or her viewpoints. Things that don't fall into the viewpoints will either be ignored or have little to no emphasis placed on them.

8. What problems are posed for the study of history by changes in language and culture over time?

Changes in language pose a big problem because when words are translated, they may lose their connotative meaning. This present problems when ideas are trying to be conveyed either from one historian to another, or when one piece of evidence needs to be translated.

 9. Can history be considered in any sense “scientific”?

Because history does not utilize the scientific method, it can not be called a science, but history uses other sciences such as anthropology and geology in order to gather evidence.

Stalin Questions

1.) Stalin had a masterful control over manipulation and used whatever his position may have been in the government to turn people against one another as well as constantly forming and breaking alliances.
2.)Stalin had hoped to industrialize Russia through programs such as new railways as well as initiating collectivized farming. Stalin also wanted to kill all those he perceived as enemies of Russia such as Kulaks and political opponents.
3.) Stalin would constantly pit one person against another until he was the last one remaining and thus constant increased his power over the government.
4.) Stalin's rule can be called a totalitarian regime to the fullest extent of the definition of the word. The Soviet government under Stalin was notorious for the outright murder of civilians and all those that opposed Stalin.
5.) The judicial system under Stalin had a habit of setting up dummy-trials in order to "convict" all those against Stalin of sabotage and were immediately put in the hands of the military. 

6.) Force was used on opponents that Stalin feared would not be effectively dealt with at trials. Secret police were mobilized and sent to assassinate upper level political opponents.

7.) Stalin tried to set the Soviet Union into the modern industrialized era.

8.) Any person or group that was in any way suspected of turning against Stalin was immediately shipped of to Siberia or other gulags. Stalin's secret police ensured that many people were much too paranoid to attempt any serious resistance.  

9.) Stalin had complete control over any lower political positions and was free to do simply as he wished.

10.) Stalin greatly pushed any Western expansion that eventually covered parts of Finland, the Baltic States, and Ukraine.

11.) Stalin was known for the mass censorship of anything that did not portray the Soviet Union in a positive light. this included all major forms of media. One of Stalin's positive notes being that women were allowed to exhibit many of the same policies as men in terms of working.

12.) Stalin actively persecuted religious leaders as religion went against the theory of Communism

13.) While Stalin may have built many more schools, especially in rural areas, and offered a larger opportunity of education, all schools were forced to teach along party lines.

14.) Artists were only allowed to create works that depicted life as good under Soviet rule, as this was part of the censorship that Stalin used. 

15.) During Stalin's rule, artists were hired to go back and remove people from photographs in order to alter their historical importance. Stalin used this in order to increase his popularity. 

16.) Women were no longer bound to the restrictions they were in other areas of the world. Women could now go out and work along side men and earn the same amount. The expectation of women being nothing more than mothers and housewives was reversed. 

17.) Religious groups and minorities were sent to gulags as they were seen as a threat to the Soviet Union by Stalin. 

OPVL - WWI Graphs

O: The graphs come from a secondary source from Britain

P: The graphs are intended to mathematically chart the included terms prior to WWI

V/L: The graphs serve as a valuable resource primarily because they offer numerical proof as to the might of countries in certain areas, many of which are shown in ratio to one another. The major limitation however is that it is impossible to know whether or not any of the information is accurate. The numbers given would easily have been subject to alteration by the government at hand. The numbers have little to no given context and as such, are not very helpful in deducing the impact industrialization has on the outbreak of war. 

HW 9

Compare:
     Division of ethnic groups with arbitrary country borders
     Power hungry dictator cites expansion and need of space as reason to attack
     Conflict between ethnic groups separate from main war
     Severe military miscalculation/ poor information
    

Contrast:
     Alliance system played little to no part in Iran-Iraq war
     Religion played only a small role in WWI
     No two-front war scenario
    

HW 8

Cause: Mao's personal paranoia
Cause: Increased "Western" ideas

Practice: Destruction of 4 Olds; (Old Customs, Old Habits, Old Culture, Old Ideas)
Practice: Red Guards given power above the police

Effect: Countless ancient artifacts and buildings were destroyed
Effect: Economic and Education systems brought to an absolute halt due to the turmoil in the government

HW 7

Mao's aims as a ruler:
1.) Remove as many Nationalists from mainland china as possible. This was achieved by as violent a means as possible.
2.) Increase diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union
3.) Industrialize as much of mainland China as possible
4.) Ensure order through out China

Mao's methods were mostly of violence. The Great Leap Forward was adapted from the Soviet 5 Year Plan, but to a much less successful scale. Mao's control over the people manifested itself in the "mini-revolution" where Mao had declared members of the party to be capitalist supporters which led to an outburst of violence against government officials. Mao was able to make laws about anything he wanted so the line between use of force and legality is somewhat blurry. A blockage was ordered for the city of Changchun, which led to roughly 330,000 deaths. Mao had refused to allow the civilians to flee the city, instead allowing citizens to starve nearly to death, only to have Communist soldiers enter the city and begin executing them. Some Communist soldiers had such moral problems with the executing of civilians that many committed suicide afterwards.The Great Leap Forward was seen as a failure because it placed much too much stress of meeting the quotas set forth which led to the lack of materials and supplies for the peasants. Poor weather was blamed and wide-set famine and starvation was common. Mao commonly set forth propaganda stating that only the Communists were the friends of the peasants. Mao's most common form of propaganda was slogans that were to be repeated by all party members. 

HW 6

1.) Mao's use of psychological warfare came in the dealings with forced starvation of the surrounded Nationalist troops. The lack of food was used as a way to convince the Nationalist troops to switch sides and join the Communists.
2.) The Communists themselves would describe themselves as a friend to the people and their beneficiaries, but many other sources describe them to be just as bad, if not worse than the Nationalists.
3.) People were encouraged to fight amongst themselves and turn in their neighbors for un-partylike activity, much as Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia had.
4.) Drafts were instilled in order to increase the number of either soldiers or laborers as well as "drafting" women into the army as support troops and cooks.
5.) The only part of land reform that mattered to Mao was the removal of all prior Land lords by violent means in order to rally the people in one violent cause.
6.) Mao primary goal was to secure power rather than provide for the common welfare of the people. Had his goal been to provide for common welfare, Mao would not have used policies of starving innocent people to death in order to convince them to change allegiances.

HW 5

Economic) Massive loss of jobs and unemployment following the Chinese civil war. The effect was attempted to be fixed during the Great Leap Forward
Political) China became the People's Republic of china after it was established into an official communist state.
Social) Women were given equal rights as men in terms of having the ability to negate arranged marriages (although the practice was still common in rural areas) as well as the ability to own land.

HW 4

1.) Communists were able to use propaganda much more effectively than the Nationalists and thus garner the support of the peasants. The Communists used a much less formal form of military encounter and used guerilla warfare to strike at Nationalist forces when they were exhausted
2.) The tipping point came when the Russians offered assistance to the Communist troops in the form of military advisors.
3.) The source seemed to greatly under estimate the difficulty with which the Communists defeated the Nationalists. The sources also address the fact that the Communist were forced to use guerilla tactics.
4.) GRU : Soviet Military Intelligence
CCP : Chinese Communist Party
HQ : Headquarters
5.) The passage explains how the Nationalists temporarily took time to fight the Japanese, which gave the Communists time to regroup. The Communists spent this time reconfiguring supplies and gather use of the intelligence and equipment given to them by the Soviets.
6.)The Nationalists seemed to want to defend the mainland from Japanese far more than the Soviets, because the Nationalists wanted China to return to its former glory.
7.) The nationalists would have only wanted to remove the Japanese threat from the mainland, while the Communists could have potentially worked with the Japanese to destroy the Nationalists far more easily.
8.) Chang Kai-shek withdrew all troops from affected areas so that Mao may have been better able to lead his troops.

HW 3

Communists won the Chinese Civil War because of the securing of the support of the peasants, masterful use of propaganda, and guerilla tactics.
     The support of the peasants was an important step for the Communists to complete. The peasants served not only as potential troops for the Communists, but the peasants also gave supplies to passing Communist troops. Rural peasants also served as guides for the mountain passes that Communist troops would take in order to outflank the Nationalist troops. Propaganda was used in order to ensure the support of most Chinese citizens. Propaganda was made in order to demonize the Japanese and have more support and supplies sent to the Communists because of the promises they made to defeat the Japanese. Guerilla tactics were used because in every militaristic way, the Communists were out-gunned and out-manned. They resorted to hit and run tactics in order to make the best use of supplies.

HW 2

Specific land marks were used as targets during the Chinese Civil War. Railroads, shipping yards, and mining equipment were popular targets for the rebels to destroy on account of it not only destroyed Nationalist infrastructure, but it also prevented Nationalists from transporting goods or building or repairing equipment. The communists used guerilla warfare tactics in order to overcome the better equipped Nationalist army.
Rivers serve as the largest and easiest way of transporting supplies and troops across certain parts of China, so the securing of rivers was a major priority for both Communist forces as well as Nationalists. Air superiority was a factor for the Nationalists because of American air-lift supports. The United States would offer supplies and equipment to the Nationalists because of the containment policy's call to prevent as many countries as possible from becoming Communist. American planes were used to drop supplies and equipment directly into Nationalist secured areas.

3+4

7.) Source A is a direct Chinese source giving historical insight into the Chinese domestic dealings with the Great Leap Forward. While Source A is a direct source, it comes from a Chinese government site, which has come under fire as being heavily censored and only broadcasting the official viewpoint of the Chinese Communist Party. The source is also 48 years old and does not gain from the added future sight and historical short comings that Source B contains. Source B comes from a British historian written only 7 years ago. This allows for a deeper analysis of the long term effects of the Great Leap Forward. The excerpt comes from a text titled "The Complete History of China". It is quite possible that due to the vast nature of the text, certain details that have either been lost to history or excluded for publication reasons have not made their way forth in the excerpt. Because the author is British, he may fall under an anti-Communist persuasion which would alter his judgement concerning the success of the Chinese Communist Party.

8.) The failure of the Great Leap Forward proved to be an unmitigated disaster for the Chinese economy and people on account of the mass famine, industrialization short-comings, and reorganization of the Chinese Communist Party.

     As Source E explains, the total grain output during the Great Leap Forward was going relatively well until a series of floods and subsequent droughts occurred causing the peasants themselves to have no food. The Party had placed such high expectations on the peasants that grain output was not allowed to be scaled down, leading to massive famine that killed upwards of 19 million people. 

     Further efforts, as described in Sources D and E, to move steel production from large factories and into the backyards of peasant workers proved to be a terrible decision. Peasant workers were untrained as to how to take iron ore ad scrap iron and convert them into steel. Finding enough fuel for the fires required in itself a full days work. Previously industrially made steel was melted down and instead, due to incompetent workers, was converted into lower quality steel. Methods of production also suffered on account of the lack of materials to build basic building equipment. Peasants were forced to rely on methods that had been created centuries earlier and as a result, building quality was much lower.

     Many people grew outraged and the Party's inefficient handling of the famine and low quality of produced goods that Mao was forced to oust members of his own Party and blame them. This caused a "mini-Revolution" and a structural reorganization of the Communist Party. Members who had been with Mao since the initial revolution were now labelled as supporters of capitalism. This reorganization caused much chaos and disorder, along with violent outburst toward local party officials. 

Questions 1+2

5.) a.) Source C shows the extent of which the Chinese were limited industrially during the Great Leap Forward by including their equipment, practices, and conditions. Two workers are shown moving a large amount of cement by bucket. The bucket is attached to a wooden pole supported by the two workers. The equipment used by the Chinese during the Great Leap Forward was so outdated that most Chinese had to rely on methods used hundreds of years prior, instead of using modern equipment such as wheelbarrows. The chinese also ran short of scaffolding and were forced to use wooden tripods, which shows how badly the Great Leap Forward relied on a seemingly scarce supply of steel. All the workers depicted are not following any sort of safety regulations, not to mention on of the workers  carrying the cement appears to be an old woman.

b.) Source A explains the shortfall of grain simply to a case of unfavorable weather, making no note however, to the millions that died due to starvation. Source A is a Chinese source and thus comes with a certain amount of favoritism towards the Chinese government, making no mention of the peasant working conditions or failed policy and attributing the grain supply simply to bad weather.

6.) Source D differs from Source E because Source D places the blame of the failure of the Great Leap Forward solely on the back of unrealistic expectations, while Source E explains it as an overworking of the peasants. source C is confident that had peasants been able to keep up with demand, the Great Leap Forward would have been successful in industrializing China. Source E states that peasants were unable to keep up with demands because of a series of misfortunes that lead to the famine and starvation of up to 19 million people. Both sources agree that the Chinese government artificially inflated the yearly yields in order to give the illusion that the Great Leap Forward was successful. 

Essay

The most effective tool at Mao's disposal was the expert use of propaganda and terror tactics. The manipulation of peasants and brutal treatment of opposition supporters allowed Mao to secure a single party state.

     Mao had initially needed the peoples support if he was going to be able to combat the much more skilled and equipped Nationalist army. Propaganda was used in order to make the Communists seem like friends of the peasants. Source A shows a poster that describes how Red Army soldiers helped defeat the invading Japanese forces. The aim of the poster was to make it seem like the Communists wanted to ensure the interests of the peasants were protected.

     Source B describes the conditions the Communists had set in place in order to ensure their power. Taxes had continued to increase despite little to no food was able to get to the peasants due to greedy merchants. A series of droughts had struck which only served to add further strain to an already breaking system. One reform measure that gained the peasants favor was a restriction of rent and ensuring even the poorest had some land.

     Source C includes accounts that go into explicit detail regarding the terror tactics Mao used to keep order once Communist China was established. A blockage was ordered for the city of Changchun, which led to roughly 330,000 deaths. Mao had refused to allow the civilians to flee the city, instead allowing citizens to starve nearly to death, only to have Communist soldiers enter the city and begin executing them. Some Communist soldiers had such moral problems with the executing of civilians that many committed suicide afterwards.

Chinese Civil War Essay

Part I)
     Explain two major ideological causes of the Chinese Civil War
          Two major ideological causes of the Chinese Civil War are European influence and the spread of Communism. Major European powers had large spheres of influence in parts of China. Britain was the primary aggressor and along with India became involved in the Opium Wars. Britain forced China to buy opium from India, which was then a British province. China had wanted to stop the influx of opium on account of the major social damage seen with opium addiction, but due to British naval might, was unable to do so. This caused much division between Nationalists and Communists. Communism was spread from Russia to all surrounding neighbors. Communism offered peasants living in rural China hope from their poor economic situation. Chinese peasants were heavily taxed and this caused hatred towards the nobles and the system currently in place.

Part II)
     Explain two examples of foreign intervention in the Chinese Civil War, and how they affected the outcome
          The outcome of the Chinese Civil War was affected by Soviet involvement on the side of the Communists, and American involvement on the side of the Nationalists. The communists alone would have been no match for the Nationalists, seeing as how Communists were poorly equipped peasants and the Nationalists had a fully funded and equipped army. Communists were offered help from the Soviets in the form of a military organizer named Otto Braun. Braun's largest contribution was the use of skilled radio operators that allowed not only for Communist messages to be encrypted, but allowed Mao to intercept Nationalist messages. This greatly aided the guerilla type warfare the Communists already used, seeing as they now might be able to intercept Nationalist troop movements. The Nationalists army was heavily funded and equipped largely by the United States. The United States had hoped that if the Nationalists could defeat the spreading Communists, then Communism and it's anti-capitalistic ideas would not be a threat to America. This policy came to be known as containment. The United States sent over millions of dollars worth of arms and supplies in hopes that sheer offensive power could defeat the Communist's guerilla warfare.

Part III)
     Explain two major foreign policy effects of the Chinese Civil War
          Following the Chinese Civil War, the United States was forced to change its foreign policy regarding Chinese immigration, as well as involvement in both the Korean and Vietnamese Wars. Prior to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, America had what was known as the "Open Door Policy". the United States welcomed the increase in the West of the Chinese as a source of cheap labor. This was used mainly to aid in industrial projects such as the transcontinental railroad, but now that China had become Communist, tensions increased between China and the United States. The idea that if China fell, Communism would spread proved true because not long after, both Korea and vietnam became Communist states. The United States was involved in both and despite having an influence in the outcome between the Soviet funded North Korea versus the American funded South Korea, failed to turn the tide in the Vietnamese conflict.

MAO OPVL

1.) The message conveyed by the woodcutting is meant to demonize the Guomindang tax collectors and thus drive support for the Communist rebels. The images of Guomindang tax collectors taking food and livestock out of the hands of the starving peasants is meant to both invoke pity in the peasants and hatred for the Guomindang.

2.) The message conveyed by the Communist poster is meant as a way to instill a sense of gratitude in the local Chinese for the Soviet involvement in the war against Japan. This was used in order to make the Red Army, and thus Communism, seem as the only possible means for national defense.

3.) The journal excerpt comes from Chiang Kaishek, the leader of the Chinese nationalists. The text was written as a means of expressing the frustration Kaishek felt with the decreasing influence Nationalists had, following the rise in Communism. The source is valuable because it gives an insight into Kaisheks personal thoughts, without hesitation as to his being subjected to public scrutiny. The source fails to explain how the Nationalist army was able to overcome these setbacks in order to attempt to deal with the Communist rebels.

4.) While the text itself is from an American monograph, but it frequently borrows from the personal diary of Chiang Kaishek. This can be seen as a large benefit as a journal would not have been subject to censorship and editing as much of the information would have been at the outbreak and peak of the war. The fact that it is an American monograph would normally be a limitation, but seeing as the author is not only a native Chinese speaker, but holds a doctorate in linguistics, it is safe to assume that the translation of diary entries is as accurate as possible. Dr. Chang would, however, be capable of holding a personal bias towards the Chinese people and having grown up and therefore partially educated in Mao era China, the Communist system itself. Both Dr. Chang and Mr. Halliday were educated in British universities which would have had a negative view of Communism. 

HW 1

Three long term and three short term causes of the Chinese Civil War:

Short Term:
Increasingly poor economic stability. (Economic)
"extermination campaigns" against Communists (Political)/(Ideological)/(Social)
Warring "feudal" lords, fighting for control of China. (Political)/(Social)

Long Term:
May 4th movement: Japan was given chinese land, even after China helped the Allies during WWI (Political)
Opium Wars with Britain, a manifestation of increasing European influence in China (Political)/(Social)
Failed revolution of 1911: Instead of rise in nationalist movement, failure in domestic policy and order. (Political)/(Social)

HW 6

1.) Japan had invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria and began overworking the inhabitants in a prewar time manufacturing.
2.) American trade was ended with Japan which made her highly aggressive.
3.) Japan sought to return to her former glory and empirical might by conquering mainland China and reestablishing herself internationally.

HW 8

1.)
A.) The sources are anonymous because of the over arching nature that the Nazis had over the media. Had anyone given their name, the Gestapo would surely had them killed. The picture of Warsaw just goes to show the extent of which German forces besieged the city. The stories were eventually published in Britain in 1940 to help draw attention to the war effort.
B.) Bombing was considered a humane part of the war effort because it was only intended to destroy buildings, but it obviously killed people too. The bombing campaign did end up killing people which would make it an inhumane attack.
C.) The constant air raids caused many Britons to fear bombings. Britons seemed to adjust their lives, just with the addition of gas masks and other equipment. It was called the Phoney War because the people didn't change their behaviour that much.

2.)
A.) Churchill offered the British people a hope after German aggression had decimated parts of England. The British were desperate for help and hope after a morale of the country had gone down.
B.) An armada is a large group of ships which implies that the effort to save all the people was much larger than it may have been. The title would have been written much differently by both the French reporter and the German reporter.

HW 9

1.) Blitzkrieg air support was used to decimate British troops, both air and ground.
German troops were aimed to invade France and immediately turn around and focus all war time energy on the Soviet Union. Because German U-Boats were so efficient at destroying American and British ships that convoys were established in order to protect the ships. Battleships were used to attack the U-Boats but radar was used only as support because it was too primitive.

HW 10

A.) Some Soviets may have welcomed the German troops because anti-semitism was not a German only viewpoint. Much of Europe felt just the same, but only the Germans acted upon it. A year later, the soviets would not have welcomed the German troops not only because of the massive casualties suffered but as well as the harsh tactics practiced by the German troops.
B.) Stalin was telling the retreating soviets to destroy all soviet infrastructure so the German troops could no gain any benefit from it. German troops coming into the area would have no natural resources to replenish their supplies.

HW 11

Warships targeted civilians ships

Atlantic occupied by U-Boats

Royal Oak sunk in 1939

Aim of Britain: Keep shipping lanes at all times

Torpedos were used by the Germans to sink ships

Sinking of the Bismarck; Germany's only battleship

Enigma code broken by Alan Turing

Air-force had limits over the sea, known as "The Black Gap"

HW 12

A.) The white cliffs are the White Cliffs of Dover in England; The ship is the HMS Hood; The sea lion is a symbol of the British navy; The sharks are the German U-Boats. The sharks are biting the sea lion, which is a metaphor for how the U-Boats would sink ships with torpedos. The cartoonist is trying to show that the British ships do not stand a chance against the U-Boats.
B.) Nazi-Soviet Pact: An agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to declare war on one another. Oper. Barbarossa: Hitler's invasion of Russia using 3 million troops. scorched earth policy: during Russia's retreat, they salted the earth so as German troop couldn't gain anything. Neutrality: favouring neither side; United Nations: an organisation created after the destruction of the league of nations in order to prevent war. global war:  war with more than one theatre. U-Boats: German submarines that decimated American and British ships. Convoys: groups of ships that aimed to prevent U-Boat attacks. Battle of the Atlantic: Battle ensuing between the American ships and U-Boats.

HW 13

1.) What training separates a fighter pilot and a bombing pilot?
2.) Why did you join the Air force in the first place?
3.) Do you regret anything?

Allied bombing campaigns played a large role in the destruction of the German industry. The constant bombing by both British and American troops kept Germany from mobilising the same forces seen during the Blitzkrieg.

HW 15

1.)
1. Pearl Harbor was the first attack on US soil and led to the US introduction in the war
2. Midway marked the end of the advancing of the Japanese navy
3. El Alamein was the first time British forces defeated German troops in Africa
4. Stalingrad marked the first loss of the German army at the hands of the Soviets
5. The battle of the atlantic was the US and British ships dealing with German U-Boats
6. Allied bombing of Germany was highly effective in destroying German factories

A.) second front: a war on two fronts; area bombing: Instead of a single target, bombs that target a given area; the Allies: US, USSR, Great Britain, France; Operation Torch: Allied invasion of Northern Africa

B.) The fighting in the Pacific theatre of war faced challenges in humidity, which was not an issue in the European theatre, just as intense cold was not a problem in the Pacific theatre.

HW 17

Germany was defeated by the Allies learning from their mistakes, The Axis powers took on too much, and the combined resources of the US, USSR, and British Empire. The Allies began to build up air and naval forces after the Blitzkrieg, which soon lost effectiveness. Hitler's troops were spread much too thin. Troops were located on the Western front, Eastern front, and Africa. When America became involved in the war, it could produce more tanks and aircraft a year than Germany and Japan.

HW 18

Japan was defeated in WWII largely due to the destruction of the morale caused by the dropping of the atomic bomb, the lack of raw materials and a mismanagement of resources. The destruction caused by the dropping of the atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were so widespread that it caused the Japanese government to surrender. The lack of raw materials was accounted for after cotton, rubber, nickel and oil supplies ran low. This may not have been fatal, but it certainly did not make things easy for the Japanese government. The Japanese had focus much too heavily on the construction of battleships instead of aircraft carries, which proved to be a naval miscalculation.

HW 19

1.)
a. 20 million
b. 6 million
c. 4.2 million
d. 388,000
e. 2.2 million
f. 2 million
g. 600,000
h. 406,000

2.)
France lost 50% of wealth
US emerges as economic superpower

3.)
Eastern Europe denied independence; annexed by Russia
widespread fear of nuclear attack

4.)
Germany divided between US, France, G. Britain and USSR
Nuremberg Trials set war crime precedent.

HW 20

Alike:
France lost upwards of 30-50% of its economy
Germany subject to military alteration
German factories are destroyed

WWI:
Germany faced sole blame for the war
High German inflation
Rise of Communism
Japan gives up territory in China

WWII:
State of Israel created
Germany divided
     West Germany (US, France, Britain)
     East Germany (USSR)
Fear of nuclear holocaust